ELT - 2. Language Lab

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This blog contains the information about What is language lab software, its brief history, features and benefits. So enjoy reading.

This Software is beneficial for the language learners, which can provide opportunities to the learners to learn language on their own where self-learning module works. It is also known as the Self Access Center where learners do not need the teacher but they can operate it individually. ‘Word itself the laboratory of Language’, if we have good quality teachers we do not need this lab but it can’t be possible because it is the common human problem to articulate some words with right pronunciation. That is why; this software can help in language learning.

What is Language Lab?

‘A network of computer along with appropriate software which provides most of the functions of a conventional language lab together with integration of videos, word processor and other computer applications.’

History of Language Lab

    The history of language laboratory has been a story of difficulties throughout and their status has been inconsistent which considered as the Long Day’s Journey from Language Lab to the Digital Language Lab. The Language Lab in its short history has been simultaneously praised, cursed, ignored, abused, found wanting, and found to be beneficial.

It is debated repeatedly by scholars that in this 21^st century, teachers and learners should have ‘digital literacy’ and this software is very helpful in learning and teaching through technology.

However, some questions are important to answer,

    

   Why there is need of language lab?

   What is the use of this software and how it works?

    Is language lab fascinating properly?

    Is software helpful in learning for what it was designed?

  So, let’s discuss the software in detail.

·        
     How language lab software works?

   The language lab software has a methodological pattern. It has pattern from easy to difficult. First few levels are very easy to pass but after that there are high level exercises which learner has to complete in learning process.

Advantages

       Language Lab is the full package to improve all four basic skills LSRW of any language. It provides very useful instructions before the activity and then it gives exercises to practice and enhance the language skills. It also provides good practice of right pronunciation, pause and tone in the Phonetics part. There are total 3 Levels to practice including vocabulary, Reading skill, Listening skill, writing, phonetics but there is no any rule but learner can go directly on third level  because it’s more flexible than traditional method of passing exam one by one that if you are able to do 12^th at the age of 10, you can’t do that but here you can chose the level which you are able to do.

    It satisfies the need of the learners

     It offers wide vocabulary regarding the subject to learn.

   The focus of the software is on LSRW skills of the learner.

    It also has facility of audios and visuals.

  It contains content with animations and graphics in phonetics part.

   The software has facility of ‘text reading’ program which helps in improving listening and speaking skills.

  It is interactive software, which has learner centered approach.

  Teacher’s interference is very less and teacher is more observer.

    Learners used to learn by practice, trials and errors.

    It also offers ‘listening’ to pre recorded audios.

   It also improves writing skill by application or letter writing by providing key words.

       Its Features

     Text to speech

     Offers recording

     Error analysis  

     Vocabulary building ( New words)

     It can connect one PC with all computers.

    SAC –Self Access Center and DELL- Digital Educational (English) Language Lab.

As ‘each coin has two sides’ likewise there are some disadvantages of language lab software.

        'Technology is a tool not destination.’ 

Disadvantages

Ø It is a software which requires a language lab to practice. So, computer should be in the school or tool of the practicing.

Ø It demands power- electricity and good quality cables.

Ø It is very expensive.

Ø It requires time to practice and students should be aware with the basic knowledge of  computers.

Ø It stands for beginners to intermediate students because it has its focus upon basic language skills.

Ø It has repetition and lack of novelty, which makes it boring.

Ø Now, there are new mobile apps and software, this seems more old for students.

Conclusion:-

      Though the software is old and costly, its features are good and can make learners more interactive in the classroom. It can make aware students with the technology, which is integral part on today’s world.

The significance of Deathly Hallows

Deathly Hallows

 

OBJECT INFORMATION

MANUFACTURER

Death or the Peverell brothers

MADE

13th century

USAGE

Cloak, Stone and Wand

OWNERS

Ignotus Peverell (the cloak) †

Cadmus Peverell (the stone) †

Antioch Peverell (the wand) †

Generations of Peverells

James Potter I (the cloak) †

Harry Potter (all)

Draco Malfoy (the wand)

Albus Dumbledore (all) †

Emeric the Evil (the wand) †

Egbert the Egregious(the wand) †

Godelot (the wand) †

Hereward (the wand) †

Barnabas Deverill (the wand) †

Loxias (the wand) †

Arcus and/or Livius (the wand) †

Gregorovitch (the wand) †

Gellert Grindelwald (the wand) †

Marvolo Gaunt (the stone) †

Morfin Gaunt (the stone) †

Tom Marvolo Riddle (the stone and the wand) †

[Source]

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"Point me!" This article is about the three legendary objects. You may be looking for the novel, Part 1 or Part 2 of the film, Part 1 or Part 2 of the soundtrack, Part 1 or Part 2 of the video game or Part 1 or Part 2 of the video game soundtracks of the same name.

The Elder Wand," he said, and he drew a straight vertical line on the parchment. "The Resurrection Stone," he said, and he added a circle on top of the line. "The Cloak of Invisibility," he finished, enclosing both line and circle in a triangle, to make the symbol that so intrigued Hermione. "Together," he said, "the Deathly Hallows.XENOPHILIUS LOVEGOOD

The Deathly Hallows are three highly powerful magical objects supposedly created by Death and given to each of three brothers in the Peverell family. They consisted of the Elder Wand, an immensely powerful wand that was considered unbeatable; the Resurrection Stone, a stone which could summon the spirits of the dead, and the Cloak of Invisibility, which, as its name suggests, renders the user completely invisible. According to the story, both Antioch Peverell(owner of the Wand) and Cadmus Peverell(owner of the Stone) came to bad ends. However, Ignotus Peverell's wisdom in requesting the Cloak was rewarded.

According to legend, he who possesses these three artefacts would become the Master of Death. Dumbledore told Harry that he and another wizard, Gellert Grindelwald took this to mean that the uniter of the Deathly Hallows would be invincible. The story of the Deathly Hallows was originally told by Beedle the Bardand subsequently passed from family to family as a wizard fairytale. Few wizards ever realised that the Deathly Hallows were genuine items. Most people thought that there were things that Beedle had made up to entertain young wizards and witches.

No one but Harry Potter has been known to have been in command of all three at the same time, though he was never in possession of them all at once (he dropped the stone in the Forbidden Forest just before gaining the wand that he had won the alliance of in a previous scuffle at Malfoy Manor). Albus Dumbledore had possessed all three, but not all at once, similar to Harry, but he was never the true owner of the Cloak.

History

Origin of the Hallows

The Tales of Beedle the Bard

That is a children's tale, told to amuse rather than to instruct. Those of us who understand these matters, however, recognise that the ancient story refers to three objects, or Hallows, which, if united, will make the possessor Master of Death.XENOPHILIUS LOVEGOOD'S OVERVIEW OF THE HALLOWS

In The Tales of Beedle the Bard the authorpresented his own version of the origin of the Hallows. Hundreds of years ago, the three Peverell brothers were travelling at twilight, and reached a river too dangerous to cross. The three brothers, being trained in the magical arts, simply waved their wands and created a bridge across the river. They were then stopped by Death himself, who felt cheated that they had gotten across the river, as most travellers drowned in it.

Death, a cunning liar, then pretended to congratulate them on being clever enough to evade him, and offered each of them a powerful magical item. The first brother, Antioch Peverell, wished to have the most powerful wand out of his combative personality; Death broke a branch off a nearby elder tree and created for him the Elder Wand, a wand more powerful than any other in existence. The second brother, Cadmus Peverell, out of arrogance, wanted to humiliate Death even further, and wished to have the power to bring loved ones from the grave; Death then took a stone from the riverbed and created for him the Resurrection Stone, a stone capable of bringing the dead back to the living world. The third brother, Ignotus Peverell, who was a humble man, did not trust Death and asked to go on from the river without being followed by Death; Death then gave him his own Cloak of Invisibility, an invisibility cloak that never lost its power through curses or age.

The three legendary objects, (the cloak, the wand and the stone) together make up the Deathly Hallows.

Dumbledore's Theory

I think it more likely that the Peverell brothers were simply gifted, dangerous wizards who succeeded in creating those powerful objectsALBUS DUMBLEDORE'S SPECULATION

Instead of being rewards for their cleverness, the Deathly Hallows were actually part of a cunning plan by Death to kill off the Peverellsso he could take them for his own.

However, Albus Dumbledore felt that it was more likely that the Hallows were actually created by the very talented and powerful brothers, and that the story of their origins as objects fashioned by Death sprang up around them as result of the powers they possessed.

Movement of the Hallows

Antioch's murder

So the oldest brother, who was a combative man, asked for a wand more powerful than any in existence: a wand that must always win duels for its owner, a wand worthy of a wizard who had conquered Death!ANTIOCH PEVERELL RECEIVING THE ELDER WAND

Antioch's throat is slit in his sleep

In time, the brothers went their separate ways. Antioch Peverell travelled to a wizarding village where he killed a wizard he had once duelled with, he then boasted of the power of the Elder Wand, that it was unbeatable and in his possession, invoking envy amongst the many wanting to possess it for themselves. His throat was slit in his sleep by another wizard who stole the Elder Wand.^[1]

Cadmus' suicide

Then the second brother, who was an arrogant man, decided that he wanted to humiliate Death still further, and asked for the power to recall others from Death.CADMUS PEVERELL RECEIVING THE STONE

A heartbroken Cadmus commits suicide

Cadmus travelled back home and used the Resurrection Stone to bring back the woman he loved, but was dismayed to find that it was only a pale imitation of her: the dead did not belong in the living world and could not truly be brought back. He found that she was cold, lifeless, and miserable in the land of the living, nothing like she used to be. In the end Cadmus committed suicide by hanging himself so he could truly join her.^[1]

Ignotus' passing and unusual friend

It was only when he had attained great age that the youngest brother finally took off the Cloak of Invisibility and gave it to his son.IGNOTUS PEVERELL PASSING ON THE CLOAK

Ignotus passes the cloak down to his son

Ignotus used the cloak to remain hidden from Death for a long time. When he was an old man, he passed the cloak onto his son, greeted Death as an old friend, and went with him to the next world.^[1]

The cloak continued to be passed down through the descendants of the Peverells(although the name became extinct in the male line). The wand passed from wizard to wizard, nearly always by the murder of its previous owner. The wand, during its passing from wizard to wizard, has been called "The Death Stick" and the "Wand of Destiny". On an interesting note, no witch is ever stated to have held possession of the wand. The stone was also passed down through the Peverells' descendants. It eventually ended up in the possession of the House of Gaunt, and was later stolen by Tom Marvolo Riddle, neither Tom nor Marvolo Gaunt were aware of the powers of the stone, nor that it was a Hallow. Marvolo was solely concerned with the "noble origins" of the stone, made into a ring, and thought that the Hallows symbol on it was the family coat of arms. Lord Voldemort could not have been aware of the stone's true origin either, as he transformed the stone into a Horcrux.

Quests for Hallows

The Hallows played a particularly important role in the lives of Albus Dumbledore, Gellert Grindelwald, and Harry Potter.

Albus Dumbledore and Gellert Grindelwald

I was fit only to possess the meanest of them, the least extraordinary. I was fit to own the Elder Wand, and not to boast of it, and not to kill with it. I was permitted to tame and to use it, because I took it, not for gain, but to save others from it.ALBUS DUMBLEDORE ON THE DEATHLY HALLOWS AND THE ELDER WAND

A young Albus Dumbledore and Gellert Grindelwald

In his youth, Albus Dumbledore, along with soon-to-become Dark Wizard Gellert Grindelwald, entertained dreams of finding and appropriating the Hallows for himself. This quest for power also manifested itself in his vision of a future where wizards would rule over and control Muggles "for the greater good". A family argument later caused him to revise and reconsider his beliefs after the death of his sister.^[2] Up until his death, he never trusted himself with power, refusing the post of Minister for Magic three times - yet his yearning to find the Hallows never left him.

After his sister Ariana died, Dumbledore sought out the Resurrection Stone in the hopes that finding it would somehow revive his dead sister and parents. Thus when he chanced upon it sometime in 1996, when it had already been turned into a Horcrux by Voldemort, the temptation proved too much to handle and he put on the ring, invoking a terrible curse Voldemort had placed which caused his right hand to wither and die. Only when the Horcrux was destroyed by Godric Gryffindor's Sword did the stone revert to its normal state, with its original powers intact. Dumbledore also came into possession of the Cloak of Invisibility when he borrowed it from its owner, James Potter, a descendant of Ignotus Peverell. It was he who passed the Cloak on to James' son, Harry, to whom it proved to be a useful tool in defeating Voldemort and his allies. He also gave to Harry the Resurrection Stone, by means of the Snitch Harry had caught in his first ever Quidditch match.

During a holiday spent with his aunt at Godric's Hollow, Gellert Grindelwald met Albus Dumbledore, and with him he sparked his desire for the Hallows.^[2]

Grindelwald gains possession of the Elder Wand by stealing it from wandmaker Gregorovitch

In his later life, Grindelwald gained possession of the Elder Wand by stealing it off the foreign wandmaker known as Gregorovitch. Upon duelling Dumbledore sometime in the 1940s, Grindelwald lost, along with the possession of the wand. Decades later, in 1998, Lord Voldemort attempted to acquire the wand by visiting Grindelwald at his cell in Nurmengard. However, Grindelwald denied ever possessing the wand, and was murdered by Lord Voldemort.

Harry Potter

It's never occurred to me before, but I've heard stuff about charms wearing off cloaks when they get old, or them being ripped apart by spells so they've got holes in. Harry's was owned by his dad, so it's not exactly new, is it, but it's just... perfect!RON WEASLEY REGARDING HARRY POTTER'S CLOAK OF INVISIBILITY

Upon hearing the Tale of the Three Brothers, Harry Potter wished to unite the Hallows to become the Master of Death and ultimately defeat Lord Voldemort. He ultimately dismissed this idea however, as he knew that the late Albus Dumbledore wished for him to destroy the Horcruxes in order to beat the Dark Lord. Harry did possess each of the Hallows eventually, for a brief moment of time.^[2]

Harry Potter receiving the Cloak of Invisibility on Christmas Day

Without realising it, Harry Potter possessed one of the Hallows from the age of 11, the Cloak of Invisibility. The Cloak was rightfully his, and should have been passed down to him from his father, James Potter, had he not been murdered. Harry is a living descendant of the third brother, Ignotus Peverell.

Upon his death, Albus Dumbledore left the Resurrection Stone to Harry in his will. It was disguised inside a Snitch, the first one Harry had ever caught in a Quidditch match.^[3] On the Snitch was engraved the words I open at the close. Harry figured out later that in order to open it, he had to be close to death. To open the Snitch, he said "I'm about to die," and touched it to his mouth because he had caught it with his mouth. This was before confronting Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters in the Forbidden Forest during the Battle of Hogwarts.

Harry temporarily brings back his family and friends

Harry used it to "bring back" and talk to his mother, his father, Remus Lupin, and his godfather, Sirius Black. Harry dropped the Stone later in the forest,^[2] and never told anyone (besides Dumbledore's portrait) so that nobody would seek it. In a recent interview, Rowling said she would like to believe that a centaur's hoof pushed it into the ground, burying it forever. Without realising until later, Harry became the master of the Elder Wand when he defeated Draco Malfoy during the Battle of Malfoy Manor in 1998. The wand recognised him as its master when Harry duelled Lord Voldemort during the Battle of Hogwarts, even though Harry had never even touched it before. Harry did not want the wand, he only used it to repair his thence broken Holly and Phoenix feather wand.^[2]

Once this deed was accomplished, Harry replaced the wand in the tomb of Albus Dumbledore. His mindset was that if he could die of natural causes without passing the wand to an heir, the wand's power, and, therefore, its history of bloodshed, would be gone forever.

Current whereabouts

The Elder Wand

I’m putting the Elder Wand back where it came from. It can stay there. If I die a natural death like Ignotus, its power will be broken, won’t it? The previous master will never have been defeated. That’ll be the end of it.HARRY ON HIS DECISION TO GIVE UP THE ELDER WAND

The White tomb, final resting place of Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore

As Harry Potter had no intention of using the Elder Wand for his own purposes (having achieved his goal of defeating Voldemort), he only used it to restore his own broken wand. He then at an unknown date returned the Elder Wand to the grave of Albus Dumbledore, located on the grounds of Hogwarts, supposing that, if he died of natural causes, its power would finally be broken, and its history of blood and violence along with it.

The wand has a different fate in the films, where Harry snaps the wand in half and throws it off the gorge saying that he doesn't want it.

The Resurrection Stone

The thing that was in the Snitch. I dropped it in the Forest. I don't know exactly where, but I'm not going to go looking for it again.HARRY'S DECISION REGARDING THE STONE

Harry discarding the stone

After Harry turned the stone over in his hand thrice, and was immediately joined by the shades of his parents, Sirius Black, and Remus Lupin, he discarded the Resurrection Stone. It was lost somewhere in the Forbidden Forestnear Aragog's lair, where Harry intended it to remain. J. K. Rowling later revealed that a centaur pressed it into the ground by stomping on it as the herd charged to help the defenders of Hogwarts in the fight against Voldemort and his Death Eaters.

The Cloak of Invisibility

Harry Potter and the Deathly HallowsHARRY POTTER'S DECISION TO KEEP THE CLOAK OF INVISIBILITY

As for the Cloak of Invisibility, Harry remarked to Dumbledore's portrait that he would be keeping it for himself and his family ^[HP7]; it is most likely still with him to this day and probably passed it down to one of his children. As of The Cursed Child, James Sirius Potter owns the Invisibility Cloak.

Masters of Death

By having mastered the three Hallows one will become "Master of Death"

Harry Potter is the only known Master of Death, having gathered and mastered all three Hallows and most importantly, accepted death, as the true master understands that death is inevitable and that there are worse things in life than dying. He did not unite all three of them physically at the same moment, as he possessed no more than two at the same time. Albus Dumbledore had also gathered all three, though physically owning no more than two at the same time, and did not master the usage of the Cloak, but he could qualify for the title of the Master of Death as he fulfilled the most important criteria needed by accepting death due to understanding that death is inevitable and there are worse fate than dying. With the Stone lost, it is unlikely there will ever be another.

Thank you

Citation:

https://harrypotter.fandom.com/wiki/Deathly_Hallows

Paper 14 Presentation The African Literature

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Have a  look at my presentation and to evaluate it click here.

presentation P-14 The African Literature from dharma gohel



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Paper 7 Assignment Literary Terms

Name : Dharma J. Gohel

Roll No : 08

Class : M.A. Sem-2

Paper – 7 : Literary Theory & Criticism : The 20^th Western & Indian Poetics – 2

Batch : 2017-19

Enrollment No : 2069108420180014

Email ID : dharmagohel71@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU

Topic : Literary Terms

Modernism:-

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.
Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poet Ezra Pound's 1934 injunction to "Make it new!" was the touchstone of the movement's approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the stream-of-consciousnessnovel, atonal (or pantonal) and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art, all had precursors in the 19th century.
A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc.Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody.[8][9][10]
Some commentators define modernism as a mode of thinking—one or more philosophically defined characteristics, like self-consciousness or self-reference, that run across all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines. More common, especially in the West, are those who see it as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technology.From this perspective, modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was 'holding back' progress, and replacing it with new ways of reaching the same end. Others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. This facilitates consideration of specific reactions to the use of technology in the First World War, and anti-technological and nihilistic aspects of the works of diverse thinkers and artists spanning the period from Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) to Samuel Beckett (1906–1989).

Post modernism:- 

Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure frommodernism. While encompassing a broad range of ideas, postmodernism is typically defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony or distrust toward grand narratives, ideologies and various tenets of Enlightenment rationality, including notions of human nature, social progress, objective reality andmorality, absolute truth, and reason. Instead, it asserts that claims to knowledge and truth are products of unique social, historical or political discourses and interpretations, and are therefore contextual and constructed to varying degrees. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence and self-referentiality.

The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity, and to a host of movements within that era (mainly in art, music, and literature) that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art,philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard and Frederic Jameson.

New Criticism:-

New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticismin the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object. The movement derived its name from John Crowe Ransom's 1941 book The New Criticism. The work of English scholar I. A. Richards, especially his Practical Criticism and The Meaning of Meaning, which offered what was claimed to be an empirical scientific approach, were important to the development of New Critical methodology. Also very influential were the critical essays of T. S. Eliot, such as "Tradition and the Individual Talent" and "Hamlet and His Problems", in which Eliot developed his notion of the "objective correlative". Eliot's evaluative judgments, such as his condemnation of Milton and Shelley, his liking for the so-called metaphysical poets and his insistence that poetry must be impersonal, greatly influenced the formation of the New Critical canon.
New Criticism and Formalism Theory New Criticism developed as a reaction to the older philological and literary history schools of the US North, which, influenced by nineteenth-century German scholarship, focused on the history and meaning of individual words and their relation to foreign and ancient languages, comparative sources, and the biographical circumstances of the authors. These approaches, it was felt, tended to distract from the text and meaning of a poem and entirely neglect its aesthetic qualities in favor of teaching about external factors. On the other hand, the literary appreciation school, which limited itself to pointing out the "beauties" and morally elevating qualities of the text, was disparaged by the New Critics as too subjective and emotional. Condemning this as a version of Romanticism, they aimed for newer, systematic and objective method.

Diaspora:- 

A diaspora (from Greek διασπορά, "scattering, dispersion") is a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale. Diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. Diaspora has come to refer particularly to historical mass dispersions of an involuntary nature, such as the expulsion of Jews from Judea, the fleeing of Greeksafter the fall of Constantinople, the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the southern Chinese orHindus of South Asia during the coolie trade, the Irish during and after the Irish Famine, thePalestinian diaspora,[3][4] and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries in the 20th century, the exile and deportation of Circassians, and the emigration of Anglo-Saxon warriors and their families after the Norman Conquest of England, many of whom found employment inConstantinople and bolstered the elite bodyguard of the emperor, the Varangian Guard.

Recently, scholars have distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its causes such asimperialism, trade or labor migrations, or by the kind of social coherence within the diaspora community and its ties to the ancestral lands. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return, relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the host country.

Post colonial:-
Postcolonialism or postcolonial studies is an academic discipline that analyzes, explains, and responds to the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. Postcolonialism speaks about the human consequences of external control and economic exploitation of native people and their lands. Drawing from postmodern schools of thought, postcolonial studies analyse the politics of knowledge (creation, control, and distribution) by examining the functional relations of social and political powerthat sustain colonialism and neocolonialism—the imperial regime's depictions (social, political, cultural) of the colonizer and of the colonized.
As a genre of contemporary history, postcolonialism questions and reinvents the manner in which a culture is being viewed, challenging the narratives expounded during the colonial era. Anthropologically, it records human nations between the colonists and the peoples under colonial rule, seeking to build an understanding of the nature and practice of colonial rule. As a critical theory, it presents, explains, and illustrates the ideology and practice of neocolonialism with examples drawn from history, political science, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and human geography. It also examines the effects of colonial rule on the cultural aspects of the colony and its treatment of women,language, literature, and humanity.

Psychoanalytical criticis:-

Psychoanalytic literary criticism is literary criticism or literary theory which, in method, concept, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalytic reading has been practiced since the early development of psychoanalysis itself, and has developed into a heterogeneous interpretive tradition. As Celine Surprenant writes, 'Psychoanalytic literary criticism does not constitute a unified field. However, all variants endorse, at least to a certain degree, the idea that literature [...] is fundamentally entwined with the psyche'.

The object of psychoanalytic literary criticism, at its very simplest, can be the psychoanalysis of theauthor or of a particularly interesting character in a given work. The criticism is similar to psychoanalysis itself, closely following the analytic interpretive process discussed in Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams and other works. Critics may view the fictional characters as psychologicalcase studies, attempting to identify such Freudian concepts as the Oedipus complex, penis envy,Freudian slips, Id, ego and superego and so on, and demonstrate how they influence the thoughts and behaviors of fictional characters.
However, more complex variations of psychoanalytic criticism are possible. The concepts of psychoanalysis can be deployed with reference to the narrative or poetic structure itself, without requiring access to the authorial psyche (an interpretation motivated by French psychoanalystJacques Lacan's remark that "the unconscious is structured like a language"). Or the founding texts of psychoanalysis may themselves be treated as literature, and re-read for the light cast by their formal qualities on their theoretical content (Freud's texts frequently resemble detective stories, or the archaeological narratives of which he was so fond).

Eco-criticism:- 

Ecocriticism is the study of literature and the environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of nature. Some ecocritics brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation, though not all ecocritics agree on the purpose, methodology, or scope of ecocriticism. In the United States, ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE publishes a journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which current international scholarship can be found.
Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism" and is often informed by other fields such as ecology, sustainable design, biopolitics, environmental history,environmentalism, and social ecology, among others.

Queer Theory:-
Queer theory is a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and women's studies. Queer theory includes both queer readings of texts and the theorisation of 'queerness' itself. Heavily influenced by the work of Lauren Berlant, Leo Bersani,Judith Butler, Lee Edelman, Jack Halberstam, David Halperin, José Esteban Muñoz, and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the essential self and upon gay/lesbian studies' close examination of the socially constructed nature of sexual acts and identities. Whereas gay/lesbian studies focused its inquiries into natural and unnatural behaviour with respect to homosexual behaviour, queer theory expands its focus to encompass any kind of sexual activity or identity that falls into normative and deviant categories. Italian feminist and film theorist Teresa de Lauretis coined the term "queer theory" for a conference she organized at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1990 and a special issue of Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies she edited based on that conference.
Queer theory "focuses on mismatches between sex, gender and desire." Queer has been associated most prominently with bisexual, lesbian and gay subjects, but its analytic framework also includes such topics as cross-dressing, intersex, gender ambiguity and gender-corrective surgery. Queer theory's attempted debunking of stable (and correlated) sexes, genders, and sexualities develops out of the specifically lesbian and gay reworking of the post-structuralist figuring of identity as a constellation of multiple and unstable positions. Queer theory examines the constitutive discourses of homosexuality developed in the last century in order to place "queer" in its historical context, and surveys contemporary arguments both for and against this latest terminology.



(https://www.wikipedia.org/) 

                                                                                     

What is literature and how it shaped me?

Hello readers,

This blog is about what is literature according to me. So enjoy reading it.

The students of arts or Literature are always asked a question that what we learnt from studying literature. The ways of answering this question is different than other academic courses. It is not like maths, that we can say that we learn multiplication or division... That's why many students find it difficult to answer this question.



According to me...

Literature is the  KEY  to open up the closed doors, through which we can wandered on the untravelled land. Let me ask you a question, 'Do you know or understand yourself completely?' The answer perhaps would be NO. In such case literature helps us to explore our self as well as the world with the help of various characters.


Literature is a mirror, not of society, but of own self. Through which everyone views his own reflection and can look at the corner of his/her self, which even he/she also didn't know or forgot.
With that, one can understand his own self, in a better way.
It gives different point of views through different characters of the work, that can help to understand people surrounding us more than they know about themselves.


The characters I found myself relevant with :

1. Monster of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
2. Lily Briscoe of To The Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf

After studying literature for five long years, i have started understanding my actions, reactions, events in much clear way.

Thank you.

Paper 15 Presentation The Mass Media and Communicatioon

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Paper 15 presentation Use of Language in Advertisement from dharma gohel

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Paper 13 Presentation Themes in The Sense of an Ending

Paper 13 Presentation Themes of The sense of an en ending from dharma gohel

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Paper 15. Mass Media Assignment

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Name : Dharma J. Gohel

Roll No : 09

Class : M.A. Sem-4

Paper – 15: Mass Communication

Batch : 2017-19

Enrollment No : 2069108420180014

Email ID : dharmagohel71@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU

Topic : Do we really neeed cencorship ?

Introduction:

What is censorship?

Censorship can be broadly defined as the suppression of knowledge or ideas. They are used by Governments or organisations to prevent the circulation of material. In wartime information about troop activities, future battle plans etc., will be censored. In peacetime censorship can be more problematic and controversial.

The Censorship of films:
Censorship of art dates back to the early 16th century when Roman magistrates would censere or assess and give their opinion about various arts which would affect public life. By the first decade of the twentieth century, film censorship boards had come up in various parts of the world.

In different countries, films are censored to monitor for varying levels of social and political issues, the depiction of which may be deemed disturbing for the people. Violence, sexual content, abusive language, drug use, abusive content, revolutionary content, and human rights violations are common factors that come under the censorship “snip”. Censorship has been used as a political vehicle disallowing ideas contrary or inimical to the regime.

The film rating system is one of the most common forms of censorship in any country.


Film censorship in India:

The Central Board of Film Certification, the regulatory film body of India, regularly orders directors to remove anything it deems offensive, including sex, nudity, violence or subjects considered politically subversive. In India, the film censor board members have been chosen from among industry veterans, public office holders, renowned intellectuals, and public leaders.

Is censorship really necessary or needed?
Effects of media on the audience have mainly been conducted in relation to TV audiences and focussed on the issue of violence. For example, in laboratory conditions children have been shown violent film clips and then their behaviour has been monitored afterwards to see if they act more aggressively than a control group that has not been shown violent films.

Content Analysis has also been employed to count the number of acts of violence, violent language and related actions in a specific film. A high score would rate the film as being more likely to inspire aggressive reactions than a low scoring film.

Polls and surveys, and test screenings are another means of determining how an audience responds to a film.

Critics claim that such studies are limited as they do not consider the wider context of the film and its effect on the viewer. A direct cause and effect - viewing a violent film causing aggressive behaviour - has been very hard to establish on a scientific basis.

According to the Supreme Court of India:

“Film censorship becomes necessary because a film motivates thought and action and assures a high degree of attention and retention as compared to the printed word. The combination of act and speech, sight and sound in semi darkness of the theatre with elimination of all distracting ideas will have a strong impact on the minds of the viewers and can affect emotions...” (Wikipedia)

But if movies affect human mind and behaviour so much than it is not in anyone’s hand to control. It means censorship can censor some scenes of the movie but it cannot control incepting ideas indirectly by movies.

As scenes of smoking have been censored in India and it is compulsory to show notice of injuries of smoking. But in the movies central character, like hero or protagonist is smoking, no one will going to read the given notice but the impact of that scene affects viewers mind that to smoke is a heroic act.

Considering cinema as one genre of art, it also shows mirror of society, mirror to society. If all the movies deal with moral messaging or preaching than who will going to see them?! And with so many morals it becomes religious preacher.

If movies are about human life and for humans, if it is showing all human emotions than, there must be all emotions, all Rasas, including disgust or erotic or fury etc.

In ‘modern’ time movies are not melodramatic; they have not all good or virtuous things to say. Modern Indian cinema is becoming more ‘life like’. It tries to express all human emotions in more realistic way. There is no melodrama, no exaggeration, and no supernatural elements.

But we should also not forget that, recent movies have more number of vulgar scenes, have been put by the directors so as to collect high revenues for the movie.

Expression of human emotions is another thing, which is realistic and has more artistic ability. But at some extent, it is converted into vulgarity by some cheap movies. And slowly and steadily, this vulgarity becomes fashion. Now there is not any kind of realism but it becomes lusty and vulgar which can damage society and culture.

For example, objectification of female body. Some parallel movies, in context of their story and background, have portrayed women character in their gray shades, but the aim is to present reality. Like the movie Talash – which talks about prostitutes- prostitution.

But we can hardly find any recent popular movie which has not item song or vulgar song, lyrics, cheap double meaning comedy. With these types of movies, one can judge, not only taste of people, but culture and its mentality. For example recent movies of Sunny Leone, which has no reality, emotions or good story, there are only for earning money.

This type of objectification harms society, culture and increase crime ratio. For this reason film censorship is needed more.

Censorship can erase some of the vulgar and adult scenes from the movie, but the harm movie is doing cannot be controlled by censor board. Because when anything is banned or prohibited, it is seen more with excitement and amusement to know why it is prohibited. Indirect way whatever the movie is incepting cannot be controlled by anyone, by censor board.

To control harm of culture, youth or society, people should change their mentality. Movies also have to change. They must have mature, realistic content, not vulgar nude or violent.

It doesn’t mean that every movie has moral preaching or all virtuous things. Even religious books also don’t have all good things. There is violence in every religious book like Ramayana or Mahabharata. But films have at least mature content not cheap or vulgar that affects viewers mind so much.

At some extent film censorship is necessary to filter some movies, which is cheap and full of vulgarity. But when censorship becomes barrier to pure, free art, means realistic, critically appreciated movies; it becomes harmful to art and create bad impression of rigid society.

It also raises question of freedom of expression, if film censorship interferes much. But this freedom should not be turned into anarchy or chaos otherwise it creates culture chaotic and without morality or values.

The best Indian examples are…

The Pink Mirror

In 2003 Indian censor board banned the film 'Gulabi Aina' (Pink Mirror), a film on Indian transsexuals, produced by Shridhar Rangayan. The board cited that the film was vulgar and offensive. The film maker appealed twice again unsuccessfully. The film still remains banned in India.

But has screened at numerous festivals all over the world and won awards. The critics have appreciated it for its sensitive and touching portrayal of marginalized community.

So, film censorship has to understand and differentiate which movie presents human emotions in more realistic way and which movie is incepting vulgarity, violence and objectifying female body with its vulgar and cheap comments.

Board is necessary if it recognises films and their impact on society appropriately. But banning never helps to protect society, or to control culture. It shows rigidity and immaturity of society.

Society should be mature enough not only for making movies but to understand difference between real and imagined. And if society becomes so mature, free, acceptable and artistic, any kind of censorship is not needed. There will be complete freedom of expression, and even society or public will not accept, reject cheap or vulgar films automatically and they will never affect mature society any more…


Bibliography
Wikipedia contributors. "Censorship in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 Nov. 2014. Web. 20 Mar. 2015

http://www.talkingpix.co.uk/ArticleCensorship.html

Thank you.