Saturday, 30 March 2019

Paper 14. The African Literature Assignment


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Name : Dharma J. Gohel
Roll No : 09
Class : M.A. Sem-4
Paper – 14 : The African Literature
Batch : 2017-19
Enrollment No : 2069108420180014
                                       
Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU

Topic :Representation of women in African Literature with reference to the novels 'Things Fall Apart', 'Waiting for the Barbarians' and 'A Grain of Wheat'


Introduction:


Women's place in society is thought a lot in contemporary studies. In literature, women's representation is observed and criticized with feminist approach. Like most literature around the world, African literature also portrays women in different shades. In early African works, incomplete and inaccurate female characters are littered. The fact, like other literature, African literature was first written by men. Educated African men not only come from patriarchal society but were educated by colonizers, who also come from patriarchal society. Some feminist critics say that male francophone African writers routinely portray their female characters in the stereotype of an oppressed and subjugated wife who has little if any say in shaping her destiny or changing the system that deprives and oppresses her. The African novels present different images of women in the contemporary patriarchal society. Female character do not have their own identity or story to be called or celebrated. But they are always portrayed as less heroic than men and in periphery. The famous African writers like Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ulasi, Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Cyprian Ekwensi, Amos Tutuola and Ben Okri use African imagery in portraying and dramatizing the characters and situation, for effect and authenticity.

      African societies are primarily viewed as masculine. Feminine perspective of Africa and African society, especially about the role of women in African novels, is richly illuminating. In African natives religion and African life, it is the image of the chief deity, the Goddess of earth that dominates. The chief deities of the Ewe community of Ghana  are Mawu and Lisa. Mawu representing the moon is a female while Lisa symbolizing the sun is masculine. The image of Mawu greatly influences the life and living of the people. Though men do not duly regard women, she is universally acknowledged as the mother of mankind.

               Gender discrimination, family constraints and social restrictions on women are the greatest banes of African society. Some female voices scream that the real place of woman is in her home. However, women are sometimes glorified in their personal life as family caretakers and teachers. Woman constitutes a force to nourish and shapes the young minds in her family. In the traditions-bound society, she is confined to her home discharging her primary duties. The creation of myth and literary image of Africa meaning one's physical attachment, formulates the woman's place in the house. But still in some cases, as a stereotype, the idea of an 'African dilemma' is there with representation of women. African women have to choose between being true to their traditional culture and embracing thee colonising western culture and having equal rights is an interesting one. The study of women characters, portrayed in African colonized literature is an interesting with that one can know human nature of colonising, marginalizing  or making other race gender religion subaltern.

➥ 'THINGS FALL APART' BY CHINUA ACHEBE :



Umofia, the village in Achebe's Things Fall Apart respects only one women called Chielo, the priestess of the Oracle of the hills and the caves. Chielo has a dual role to play as an ordinary woman and as the one to reprimand the offenders of the community. She, as the spokesperson of the deity, screams at Okonkwo when he accompanies his wife and daughter to the shrine of the Oracle of the hills and the caves: beware of exchanging words with Agbala. Okonkwo, the great warrior and matchless wrestler, rants at Nwoye's mother.. Do what you are told woman. Okonkwo's wife becomes meek and dumb before Chielo. Achebe has presented the image of an idealized woman, thereby opening the space for women to become active and involve themselves along with men in the nation-building activities. They are the images of progressive women though they are not fully evolved characters. Achebe's Chielo is a priestess and a healer whose roles allow her control of spaces that the fearless Okonkwo is cautious about entering. Confident of these spaces and the social environment on a moonlit night, she runs through the town with a sick Ezinma on her back. Throughout Chielo's race that night, her voice calls out greetings to notable community personages and Agbala. Chielo's voice shows no hint of oppression or suppressed womanhood. The fact that Ezinma recovers after the encounter with Chielo also speaks about Chielo's power in Agbala.

            There is no male equivalent to this role of priestess in African life. Okonkwo must follow later and wait in the shadows as woman-as-priestess and Agbala renegotiate the child's health and continuance. Significant here is the fact that the process of ritual and negotiation are embedded in narrative tradition and practice. Like Achebe, Nwapa makes use of this relationship in Efuru in which the major characters have praise names. Achebe says-

"Names reflect the circumstances of one's birth and family background."

      Many women in the novel are flat characters who are satisfied with oppressive structures like Polygamy as Okonkwo's wives. Critics condemn Achebe for being too male-focused, there could be many reasons for this lack of female representation. One is that, readers are seeing the culture and events largely from Okonkwo's point of view, who could be said to have unenlightened gender views by Ibo standards. For example- when he is sent to his mother's village, be cannot answer to his uncle why a common name and saying is "mother is supreme", Uchendu, his uncle replies, "A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness, be finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. She is buried there that's why we say mother is supreme." In these words, women as mother is respected. The portrayal of Okonkwo's daughter Ezinma, is the only visible rounded female character in the novel. There is evidence in the novel which suggests that Achebe was showing ridiculous nature of a strong patriarchal society. Ezinma was intelligent enough to eventually run the family the way Okonkwo wanted. Okonkwo says-

"She has the right spirit."

          Okonkwo is unable to think outside of his cultural paradigm, when Ezinma offers to carry Okonkwo's chair to the wrestling match, traditionally a boy's job, Okonkwo says-


"No, that's a boy's job."


         Instead of finding a way to let Ezinma run the home, be only comments that "She should have been a boy."

It shows Achebe's poverty in describing woman character in patriarchal world. Still there was not much female representation in the novel. It is important to realize that Achebe wrote this novel to justify his native culture, where women become victims, to European audiences, who were patriarchal themselves. With the exception of Ezinma, Achebe's female characters in the novel were not rounded or visible. Okonkwo carries more space and female characters are marginalized in narrated patriarchal culture.

➥'A GRAIN OF WHEAT' BY NGUGI WA THIONG'O :



A Grain of Wheat is a political narrative talking about Mau Mau Kenyan movement first placed in forest. The movement included both men and women against British colonizers. Women played remarkable role directly or indirectly in that rebellion. Ngugi pays respect to these women and celebrates their limitless sacrifices, their contribution and struggle for freedom of the homeland in this novel. The novel describes heroic women as providing the invisible backbone to the movement. The writer also made use of traditional African values of womanhood to fight with the enemies. Wambui, the major character in the novel, is a model of the resistant woman during emergency; she carried secrets from the villages to towns. Incident of Wambui and policeman is very significant in portraying her character. For example- Karanja, Kihika and Gikonyo encounter Mumbi at Gikonyo's workshop, she is addressed respectfully as Karanja calls her "Mother of Men, we have come, make us some tea." Kihika, the Mau Mau hero in the novel, refers to the homeland as mother as be proudly says,

 "With us, Kenya is our mother."

               Female identities and anatomies become symbolically bound to motherhood and to the nation. We can find privileging of motherhood in Ngugi's fiction. In the novel, where Gikonyo has an inferiority, Mumbi is more self-assured and capable of action. Gikonyo's mother, Wangari, refuses to accept defeat when her husband beats and rejects her, accusing her of sexual coldness. She displays undaunted courage when she settles in Thabai with her baby son. Wambui introduces the active role of women in the movement, while Karanja's mother mirrors Nyokabi's defiance of the traditional female role, as she questions the action of men. Ngugi, through the depiction of the ideal patriotic women pays great tribute to the African women especially in those dark days. The strength and courage of certain black women is incontestable in relating the fight for freedom. Ngugi through the persons of Wambui and Mumbi clearly shows us that though the men were fighting openly, the war led by the women was as much important as theirs. Example- Wambui's "now-famous drama at the worker's strike in 1950," how through her words and the common action of women they had revived the strength of men. There is also the comic episode of how Wambui "once carried a pistol tied to her thighs near the groins" where behind the comic account of the incident, Ngugi portrays the courage and role of women in freedom fighting. If African women had not been such an inner force, Kenya would have never been what it is today. This argument is illustrated by Mumbi's inner force during the emergency period. She is in fact the character who depicts the ideal African woman according to Ngugi. Strong, beautiful, both and furthermore mother of a child, be strength during that period if far than admirable, "In the end, she tied a belt around her waist and took on a man's work."
                Far from the sensual woman, she has the ability to play a completely different role which is that of the submissive woman or rather wife. Mumbi, who despite having survived during harsh times, has to bear the authority of Gikonyo at home, "I'll make you shut this mouth of a whore", he cried out, slapping her on the left cheek. Ngugi does not seem to criticize this attitude of Mumbi; her attitude as a weakness, the author transforms this into a strength by the characters. Mumbi's mother Wanjiku says-
"The women of to-day surprise me. They cannot take a slap, soft as feather, or the slightest breath, from a man. In our time, a woman could take blow and blow from her husband without a though to running back to her parents."

           Ngugi Wa Thiong'o enrich African literature with portraying his woman characters strong, courageous and patriotic, who equally and sometimes more than male characters,, participate in struggle for freedom.

➥'WAITING FOR THE BARBARIANS' BY J.M. COETZEE :



Waiting for the Barbarians is set in an indeterminate place and time. It is an allegory about the evils of colonialism. The story is told with the point of view of a Magistrate. The novel has one woman character, Barbarian girl, with whom portrayal of woman character can be studied. She is a prisoner of Colonel Joll's but after their release she is left behind by her folk in the outpost, begging, semi-blinded and disfigured from the torture. This symbolizes in extremes that how people can be transformed to be perceived as the other by an ideology and how the normal can turn out to be abnormal by the system. She will always stay as the other, both as a Barbarian in the eye of the empire and as carrying the marks of the empire in her uncanny body, in the eyes of her folk. Wenzel reads the relationship between the Magistrate and the girl by saying that-

"The Magistrate seeks to eliminate his sense of the girl's otherness and to understand the pain of her torture as her verbally and physically probes the girl in an effort to read the signs of torture written on her body."

      Actually, Barbarian girl is a symbol of colonized. Her relationship with Magistrate is of master and slave. She is tortured by colonizers. She is not colonized by empire but as a woman by the Magistrate as well. He uses her body as an object. The narration never gives us the view point of the Barbarian girl, but the magistrate attempts to understand feminine Viewpoint. He is even at one point dressed as a woman by his torturers who are servants of the empire. The empire and the Barbarian culture are symbolically represented by the magistrate and the Barbarian girl and their relationship the same.  The Magistrate sometimes sympathies the girl but it is also true that he uses as an object, he becomes cause of her sorrows. Sometimes, the girl plays a role of the catalyst for the change that takes place in the Magistrate; she fulfills the role as colonized woman. Coetzee's choice to put a girl as a symbol of colonized, slave and subaltern indicates woman's position in society and in men's mind.

➥CONCLUSION :

These three famous African novels represent women differently. One has no significant space for women. One made women courageous, strong and even greater than men; and one made it slave, colonized and inferior. These different portrayals shows women's role in different situations and different cultures, which is moving and not static.

 Thank you.

Friday, 29 March 2019

The discourse of Power and Politics in Harry Potter:

Hello readers,

This blog focuses on How does Ministry of Magic control the resistance? How do they prosecute the ‘Other’?

Harry Potter is simply not a popular Children literature but from very beginning to the   end deeply pondering upon system like magic ministry and Hogwarts itself an education system possess power and in variety of Minor scenes where we can apply Foucauldian lens to see power play and politics. But where are the politics? At the most specific levels Rowling provides the readers with a outline of a political system: the ministry of magic. This parallel political system is kept secret from the ―non magical people the ―muggles. The ministry of magic is the law making body in Harry‘s wizarding world. Its main job is to keep the whole world of magic a secret from the muggles eye.


Harry Potter presents at multiple levels the different manifestations of power. There is the struggle  between power and ethics showed through the war between the death eaters and the wizarding community. There are other structures of power like the headmaster Dumbledore and professors like Snape, Umbridge enforcing disciplinary methods like detention and other punishments.

“Power is everywhere, not because it embraces everything but because it comes from everywhere. And power insofar is repetitious, inert and self-reproducing…power is not an institution, not a structure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with it; it is the name of a complex strategical situation in a particular society.” Bhattacharya.

The ministry of magic is the law making body in Harry‘s wizarding world. Its main job is to keep the whole world of magic a secret from the muggles eye. In the Goblet of fire we can see how media takes place of power. Newspaper and press play vital role in the whole series. Insider how cheat to the one who is power it's also significant. Banning of so many things in Hogwarts confronts the reality of society, how power takes decision of banning something. However, Rowling confronting reality through Fantasy, click here to visit my blog on Confronting reality through Fantasy.

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Resource


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Confronting Reality by reading Fiction - Harry Potter

Hello readers,



This blog deals with the fantasy element in the Harry Potter series. Enjoy reading.👍






In the series of Harry Potter, J. k. Rowling introduces the fantasy universe of Hogwarts but the novel also beyond that fantasy because Rowling gives message of real universe like good and evil, love and death and adulthood, morality, power and politics. The fiction character of harry Potter is an 11 year old orphan life with his typical tough of a cousin Dudley Dursley together with similarity cruel aunt and uncle. Petunia and Vernon Dursley. His charming destiny begins when he is summoned to the Hogwarts’s School of Witchcraft and Wizardry by the school master Albus Dumbledore. As he grows up faces his journey and adventures with his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasely and learnt life lesson through different circumstances and also Rowling used many real things and event in the novel so we can see reality with fantasy elements.



It confronting very precious life long message to reader that Truth will not come out automatically. We have to work hard for it. As Harry done to prove himself. There is no end of struggle that very beautiful teaches this series of Harry Potter.





Thank you.

Harry Potter as Self Help Book

Hello readers,
In this blog i have talked written about the self help ideas that we get from the Harry Potter series.

Harry Potter is not only a Children literature it is packed with interesting ideas and insights. Harry's journey from childhood to his Young age teach us various important or life long messages. When I watched Harry Potter series as an Academic activity I found it more helpful to build confidence, to get rid from fear and fight for ultimate truth or justice.


Harry, Hermione and Ron's quest to rid the world of its ultimate evil is one of the main things that make this series special. Hermione stand for friends...
Stand against evil... Ron stand for sacrifice. Etc., Through these characters decisions we learn life Long lessons.

Harry is gifted one though he has to had to fight to prove himself. It shows his real heroism. Thus, Harry is a moderate person. He doesn't believe that everything is done by him. And this proves the fact that heroism comes with MODESTY not with I, Me and Myself.

Eradication of evil, good also become
Evil then who win ?
It is good who defeated
Evil is not vanishing.

  1. Go to main blog


For further Reading..
Ten most important life lesson from Harry Potter.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.familyadventureproject.org/10-life-lessons-harry-potter-quotations/amp/

Thank you.

Discourse on Purity of Blood in Harry Potter Series

Hello readers,
This blog focuses on the blood discourse in Harry Potter series.

Blood status is  also called purity of blood . This  is a concept in the wizarding world that distinguishes between family trees that have different levels of magically-endowed members. It often results in  prejudice towards those who have a large number of Muggles in their families. As Sirius Black informed Harry Potter, almost all wizards of their time have Muggles in their family trees, though some claim not to.



The concept played a key role in both the First and Second Wizarding Wars. Families that claim to be pure, to whatever extent they ever really were, are dwindling in number.




Child born with magic to two Muggle parents is considered a Muggle-born and they are allowed in Hogwarts A school of Wizardry and Witchcraft. Those with prejudice against Muggles and their families often refer to such wizards as "Mud bloods," a highly offensive term implying that the individual has dirty and inferior blood. Those who discriminate against Muggle-born believe that they do not deserve magic and should be excluded from the wizarding world, in spite of the fact that Muggle-borns are just as magically talented as those of other blood statuses. Through the Hermione's character it is well discussed in whole the series.




 When the Ministry of Magic fell under the indirect control of Lord Voldemort during the Second Wizarding War, it began distributing propaganda against "Mudbloods" under the authorship of Dolores Umbridge.  But, we can conclude by saying that J.K.Rowling indirectly tries to talk on racism and falsified idea of pure blood as superior and mud blood as inferior. Ultimately, what matters is only one's knowledge, understanding and act.



Resource

Feminist reading of the Harry Potter series

Hello readers,
I have tried to read Harry Potter series with feminist perspective. so enjoy reading.

The feminist ideals in Harry Potter are most easily seen through the lead female character, Hermione Granger, as she is a manifestation of the author herself within the text. “Hermione is me,” Rowling has said in several interviews, “A caricature of me when I was younger”. Rowling has said that, as a child, “she was perceived as being very bossy and often the brightest one in her class, and those traits she gave to Hermione” (Gladstein 50)


As Rowling made Hermione’s character with many  weaknesses, and strength,  feminist critics has often attacked Hermione for her weaknesses, criticizing her for being emotional, bookish, and in driven position by hero or other characters. Hermione finds everything of one's need from her purse, so feminist reader may raise the question that why is she carrying purse only than any other object?

Rowling includes several other strong female characters in her stories; one of the strongest characters in Harry Potter is Professor Minerva McGonagall. Like Hermione, McGonagall is often criticized for being dull, bossy, and for being merely second in command under a male headmaster. However, McGonagall holds a powerful position as headmistress of arguably the most respected house at Hogwarts, Gryffindor.

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Moral and Philosophical aspect in Harry Potter Series

Hello readers,

I have tried to examine the Harry Potter series with the Moral and Philosophical approach in this blog. So enjoy reading.





Harry Potter is speculative Fiction or rather to say an umbrella genre with supernatural or futuristic elements. One can read from literary to philosophical perspective. While watching the series as part of my academic activity I noted down few more points on this topic than any other. As youth we easily get impressed by something and I strongly feel that Harry Potter series is great literary work than popular Literature. Here, I have noted down few points on Harry Potter's reading as Moral philosophical literary work.


1.Real Voldemort is inside us and we have to go deep inside us and should fight with it.
2. Fame is not everything or rather to say Fame is fickle friend.
3. Truth will not come out automatic, we have to work for it.
4. There is no end of struggle.
5. You have nothing to fear, if you have nothing to hide.
6. Thirst to prove self is necessary.
7. Difficult time will come and our choice between easy and right create our identity.
8. Danger : Name it, Discuss about it, that is the only way to overcome it.
9. Heroism comes with modesty not with I, me or myself. Harry :A chosen one, gifted one but he has to work for ultimate end/truth or to win over evil.
10.We will have to wait for appropriate time.
11. Number of followers doesn’t decide strength of leader.
12.Death as purge of evil, nothing is as suspicious as death.
Really, it is for all ages and it’s brilliant.


Here, I found very interesting list if philosophical questions from Harry Potter series from this blog.


The "Mirror of Erised" is a mystical mirror that shows the “deepest and most desperate desires of our hearts.” What do you think you would see looking into the mirror? Would the mirror be able to tell you something you don’t know? If you are not sure of the “deepest desire of your heart,” can it be really be your deepest desire?

What does it mean to trust other people? What must be true for us to say we “trust someone?” Can we ever trust someone completely? What would that mean?

Is bravery the absence of fear? Is it action despite fear? Is courage an act or a quality of a person? What does it entail?

What are the obligations of friendship? Do they vary based on circumstances? If so, what circumstances?

“Horcruxes” are objects used to split a person’s soul and thus seek immortality. There is a comment in the novel that for Voldemort, splitting his soul is the same as splitting his mind. What does this mean? Are the soul and the mind the same thing, or only for Voldemort (and if so, how would that work)? What is the soul and the mind?

How do you prove something is not real?

If something is happening to you, is it real?


Thank You.

Thursday, 28 March 2019

The theme of Choice and Chance

Hello readers,
This blog is a part of my curriculum activity. I have tried to examine all the books of Harry potter series  with the lense of choice and chance.  




1.The question of choice versus chance runs throughout the Harry Potter series. The question appears first at the end of Chamber of Secrets, when Riddle/Voldemort tells Harry that "it was merely a lucky chance that saved you"



 2 After he is told that Lily's sacrifice was the reason he had not been able to kill baby Harry. Dumbledore subsequently tells Harry that "it is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities."



3 Throughout the series, Voldemort continues to insist on chance as the cause of his downfall, right up to the bitter end.


4 Dumbledore, by contrast, insists on the importance of personal choice in determining outcomes, rather than either chance or fate. Rowling has said that Dumbledore often speaks for her (and Voldemort certainly does not), so it seems that she would also believe in choice rather than chance. Although Harry Potter is a magical world in which fate (such as the house assignments made by a magical hat) at first appears to be dominant, Rowling is clear that hers is not a fate-dominated world.



5.Professor Trelawney, the bumbling Divination teacher, almost always gets it wrong, and even though the world of Harry Potter contains magical prophecies, the prophecies come true only because people choose to act on them.



6 Even the magical hat takes people's choices into account, as Harry reminds his son in the epilogue.



7 Rowling herself has written that she does not believe in fate, but in "hard work and luck, and that the first often leads to the second."



 8 Not fate, then ’ but is the outcome due to choice or chance in the end?

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Resource.
https://www.gradesaver.com/harry-potter-and-the-philosophers-stone/study-guide/themes

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Harry Potter and Children's Literature

Hello readers,

This blog is a part of my academic thinking activity and web quest given on Harry Potter series. 

1) Children’s Literature and Harry Potter: How far does J K Rowling transcends the canonical confines of children’s literature and claims the heights of ‘real’ literature.


⥤ Children’s Literature and Harry Potter.

Children literature have characteristics like Concept of childhood, Action, Innocence, Fantastic, optimism, illustration, Children’s rights movements and all these and many other characteristics one can find in Harry Potter series of books. J. K. Rowling has done  fantastic job. Readers grows with the Harry and His task becomes readers quest to solve the Riddle or find the ultimate solution. 
“ Potter changed everything. Suddenly, publishers woke up to the idea that children’s literature was not something that was just read by children, but – crucially – was read by everyone. And the children who grew up reading Harry Potter went on to read children’s books as adults, which is one of the reasons the children’s market is seeing such huge growth.”

One of the radical things about the Potter books was the idea of the hero growing older as the series progressed,” says Cunningham, who now heads the children’s publisher Chicken House. “Twenty years ago, that was very unusual, and it enabled the books to address much wider issues, which children’s fiction in the past might have skirted. The Potter books may have been fantasy, but what they really did was to bring children’s books into the land of emotional realism.” 



In seven book, one story of Harry grows child to teen age and his mental grown up, his maturity reflects at every stage. Thus, he fit info the definition of hero, who sacrifice for other and have great chivalry. His virtue wins over vices and it teach lesson of morality. To see Harry Potter as Moral philosophical literature go to my this blog.

What is interesting in this...reading and readability:

Interest and motivation are key to reading; reading is more than just decoding words.
Reading begins with decoding words with ease. The Five Finger Test can help determine whether a child is able to successfully read the book independently.
Asking questions about the story can help adults determine whether a child comprehends what he or she reads.
Some books are too mature for readers regardless of their ability to decode the words and read them fluently. Themes can be difficult or beyond a child's experience, making the book tough for readers to handle.
Books grow with readers. Rereading books offers opportunities for greater insight and practice with reading text fluently.
Books like Harry Potter can be a shared experience that builds community of readers.




Other resources for further reading.


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Web Quest Harry Potter Series

Hello readers,
I have written this blog as a part of my curriculum activity. To know more about the activity, click here.


There are currently 7 books in the series. however,  .
1. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows


Harry Potter series are those on which lots of internet source can be found, and also on mostly any topic related to Harry Potter. Even there is all the answers available on Harry Potter’s any questions. So for our academic purpose we have asked to do web quest on selected topics from Harry Potter.
Here, I have tried to ponder upon major 11 points:

To visit my web quest click here

Here, I have  also embedded all the blogs link. In case if you not able to open link on web quest visit this blogs.

1) Children’s literature and Harry Potter

2) Theme of Choice and Chance in Harry Potter

3) Moral and Philosophical reading of Harry Potter

4) Feminist reading of female characters in Harry Potter

5) Discourse on Purity of Blood and Harry Potter

6) Self Help culture and Harry Potter

7) Confronting reality by Reading fiction – Harry Potter

8) Discourse of Power and Politics in Harry Potter

9) Speculative literature and Harry Potter

10)  Theme of Love and Death in Harry Potter

11)  Christianity in Harry Potter

12) What do you think about this image?


Everything we see and listen it may be not truth. We have to see things or circumstances in all the possible ways. Whatever we see or shown by others is may be half truth or their truth only. We have to always question to the power and try to wider our horizon of vision. We can understand it very easily it in this post-truth era where one can not decide what is ultimate truth or is there any ultimate truth? Always We have to check about reliability of news and then should trust or spread. At least we should not spread lies or half truths. May be It is what exactly J.K.Rowling wants to tell us.

13. To see rubric evaluation of my web quest click here. 
Thank you.

ELT - 2. Language Lab

Hello readers, This blog contains the information about What is language lab software, its brief history, features and benefits. So enjoy r...